A: Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
Q: What are a dehydration reaction and a hydrolysis reaction?
A: A dehydration reaction occurs when monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule and a hydrolysis reaction is when bonds between the monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules.
Q: What are the four levels of protein structure?
A: The protein structures are: primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure.
1. Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers.
2. Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material.
3. Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules.
4. Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions.
5. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.
Figure 5.2
The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
A dehydration reaction occurs when monomers are connected by a reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule and a hydrolysis reaction is when bonds between the monomers are broken by the addition of water molecules.
Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material. It has sugar, monosaccharide monomers and there are disaccharides and polysaccharides also. These help strengthen plant cell walls and store glucose for energy, etc.
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules with hydrophilic heads. Their tails are 2 fatty acids and are the lipid bilayers of membranes. When there are three of them with the head of glycerol, it becomes an important energy source.
Key terms
Monosaccharide: The simplest carbohydrates.
Glucose: Most common monosaccharide.
Sucrose: The most prevalent disaccharide.
Lipid: they are the one class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers, and they are generally not big enough to be considered macromolecules.
Fatty acid: a long carbon chain carboxylic acid.
Polypeptide: polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides.
Amino acids: its organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups.
Cholesterol: It’s a common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized.
Glycogen: animals store a polysaccharide called glycogen, a polymer of glucose that is like amylopectin but more extensively branched.
Polynucleotide: nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotide.
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