A: The major elements of organic molecules include Hydrogen with the valence of 1, oxygen valence of 2, nitrogen valence of 3 and carbon with the valence of 4.
Q: What are the types of Isomers?
A: The three types of isomers mentioned in this chapter are structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers.
Q: What are the functional groups?
A: Functional groups are chemical groups that affect the functions of molecules by participating in the reactions directly. These groups include the hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups.
1. Carbon has 6 electrons with the first 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second shell. Although carbon could either donate or accept the rest 4 electrons to make a full 8 electron shell, most of the time carbon shares its 4 electrons with other atoms in covalent bonds.
2. Organic compounds refer to those that contain carbon, and the study of carbon in chemistry is called organic chemistry.
3. Neither petroleum nor fat dissolves in water; both are hydrophobic compounds because the great majority of their bonds are relatively nonpolar carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
4. Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules.
5. Compounds with double bonds make a better chance of being geometric isomers because unlike how single bonds let the atoms to rotate freely about the bond axis, double bonds do not permit such rotation.
Figure 4.4
Valences of the major elements of organic molecules.
This diagram shows the valence of the elements that are important.
This chapter is about carbon and how it is very important including the fact that organisms are made up of chemicals that are based mostly on it. This chapter first starts out by talking about organic chemistry and organic compounds, which are basically carbon compounds. Then, the carbon’s configuration pays a much deal. As mentioned, carbon has 4 valence electrons and 6 electrons in total. Carbon shares its 4 electrons with others, therefore can make large, complex molecules more easily.
There are many different types of carbon molecules, such as hydrocarbons and the isomers. Then, there are the functional groups which affect the molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions. One of the groups is the “phosphate” which has the adenosine triphosphate, or ATP that by reacting releases energy.
Key terms
Hydrocarbon: organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
Organic chemistry: compounds containing carbon are said to be organic, and the branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds is called organic chemistry.
Methane: one carbon atom with four hydrogen atoms.
Ethane: two carbon atoms with six hydrogen atoms.
Ethane: two carbon atoms with four hydrogen atoms
Functional group: the chemical groups affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions; these important chemical groups are known as functional groups.
Structural isomers: differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
Geometric isomers: have the same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their spatial arrangements.
Enantionmers are isomers that are mirror images of each other.
Amino acids: an organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides.
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